[Superficial bladder cancer. Open questions]

Some important topics on basic research and clinical aspects of superficial bladder cancer are discussed: open questions include the prognostic relevance of several new biological markers that will have to be compared in clinical trials. Even established therapeutic procedures have to undergo critical analyses with regard to the stage-related optimal treatment. Recurrence prophylaxis in superficial bladder cancer is beset by many open questions relating to the therapy of choice, the optimal schedule and the quality of life of the patients affected.