Protein hydroperoxides can give rise to reactive free radicals

Proteins damaged by free-radical-generating systems in the presence of oxygen yield relatively long-lived protein hydroperoxides. These hydroperoxides have been shown by e.p.r. spectroscopy to be readily degraded to reactive free radicals on reaction with iron(II) complexes. Comparison of the observed spectra with those obtained with free amino acid hydroperoxides had allowed identification of some of the protein-derived radical species (including a number of carbon-centred radicals, alkoxyl radicals and a species believed to be the CO2 radical anion) and the elucidation of novel fragmentation and rearrangement processes involving amino acid side chains. In particular, degradation of hydroperoxide functions on the side chain of glutamic acid is shown to result in decarboxylation at the side-chain carboxy group via the formation of the CO2 radical anion; the generation of an identical radical from hydroperoxide groups on proteins suggests that a similar process occurs with these molecules. In a number of cases these fragmentation and rearrangement reactions give rise to further reactive free radicals (R., O2-./HO2., CO2-.) which may act as chain-carrying species in protein oxidations. These studies suggest that protein hydroperoxides are capable of initiating further radical chain reactions both intra- and inter-molecularly, and provide information on some of the fundamental mechanisms of protein alteration and side-chain fragmentation.