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Updated: Aug 14, 2026

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
07:34

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Published on: February 23, 2011

Male sterility and double heterozygosity for chromosomal inversion

Y Rumpler1, O Gabriel-Robez, V Volobouev

  • 1Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Embryologie, Strasbourg, France.

Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics
|January 1, 1995
PubMed

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X-Inactivation01:58

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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
X-inactivation01:58

X-inactivation

The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
Nondisjunction01:29

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...