Management of the adnexal mass

The methods for preoperative diagnosis and evaluation of the woman with a suspected ovarian neoplasm have evolved significantly with little or no impact on the surgical treatment, which remains removal of the abnormal ovary. Although most adnexal masses are benign, the primary goal of the diagnostic evaluation is the exclusion of malignancy. A complete history, physical examination, and ultrasonic imaging are vital in evaluating a suspected ovarian mass. In postmenopausal women, serum CA-125 determinations further improve sensitivity and specificity. Once the presence of an ovarian mass is established, the crucial decision is whether to observe the patient or proceed with surgical removal. If surgical removal is indicated, the proper procedure is important for staging and initiation of effective therapy. While many surgeons are now using the less invasive laparoscopic approach, the standard of care continues to be a laparotomy with either an ovarian cystectomy or oophorectomy. Future clinical research in the management of adnexal masses should focus on decreasing the number of patients undergoing a surgical procedure, and in patients who require surgery, further evaluation of laparoscopy as a safe, cost-effective means of treatment. Improved imaging techniques may allow for nonoperative management of probably benign ovarian neoplasms.