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Related Experiment Videos

Estimation of a chromium inhalation reference concentration using the benchmark dose method: a case study

P A Malsch1, D M Proctor, B L Finley

  • 1ChemRisk, McLaren/Hart Environmental Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44122.

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP
|August 1, 1994
PubMed
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The benchmark dose (BD) method offers an alternative to NOAEL/UF for setting reference levels. For particulate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a benchmark reference concentration of 0.34 µg/m³ is proposed based on lactate dehydrogenase levels.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • The benchmark dose (BD) method is a proposed alternative to the traditional NOAEL/UF approach for establishing health-based reference levels.
  • Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) exposure occurs via different forms, including acidic mists (occupational) and particulates (environmental), necessitating separate toxicological evaluations.
  • Existing data for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) acidic mists were found insufficient for BD analysis due to quality and data limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the suitability of existing inhalation toxicity databases for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using the benchmark dose (BD) approach.
  • To derive benchmark reference concentrations (RfCs) for particulate Cr(VI) exposure.
  • To compare the toxicological profiles of Cr(VI) acidic mists and particulates.

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Main Methods:

  • Applied the benchmark dose (BD) methodology to analyze inhalation toxicity data for Cr(VI) particulates.
  • Separately evaluated Cr(VI) particulate data from Cr(VI) acidic mist data due to differing toxicological profiles.
  • Calculated 95% lower confidence limits on doses corresponding to a 10% increase in adverse effects.

Main Results:

  • Benchmark reference concentrations (RfCs) for particulate Cr(VI) ranged from 0.34 µg/m³ (based on lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) to 1.4 µg/m³ (based on increased lung weights).
  • Data for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) acidic mists were inadequate for BD analysis.
  • A proposed Cr(VI) particulate RfC of 0.34 µg/m³ was derived using lactate dehydrogenase in BALF as the critical effect.

Conclusions:

  • The benchmark dose (BD) method can be applied to Cr(VI) particulate inhalation data.
  • The derived Cr(VI) particulate RfC of 0.34 µg/m³ is considered conservative, incorporating sensitive endpoints and uncertainty factors.
  • Further research and higher quality data are needed for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) acidic mist toxicity assessments using the BD approach.