Monitoring metal concentrations in tissues and single cells using ultramicrosensors

Intercellular and extracellular metal concentrations were measured using carbon fiber ultramicrosensors plated with mercury or with polymeric porphyrinic p-type semiconductors. Concentrations of unbound nickel and lead ions were studied within individual BC3H-1 myocytes, and H4-11-C3 rat hepatoma cells. Unbound ions are predominantly solvated inorganic ions not coordinated to biological cellular components. Fabrication of ultramicrosensors appropriate for the cells under investigation is described, including procedures for sharpening and waxing the microsensors in order to control the shape, area, and dimensions of the electroactive surface. Metal ion movement through cell membranes and intracellular ion diffusion in aorta tissue were studied.