Effects of thyroid hormone on fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles in young and old rats

1. The effects of 4 weeks of thyroid hormone treatment on contractile, enzyme-histochemical and morphometric properties and on the myosin isoform composition were compared in the slow-twitch soleus and the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in young (3-6 months) and old (20-24 months) male rats. 2. In the soleus of untreated controls, contraction and half-relaxation times of the isometric twitch increased by 19-32% with age. The change in contractile properties was paralleled by an age-related increase in the proportions of type I fibres and type I myosin heavy chain (MHC) and slow myosin light chain (MLC) isoforms. 3. In the EDL of controls, contraction and half-relaxation times were significantly prolonged (21-38%) in the post-tetanus twitch in the old animals. No significant age-related changes were observed in enzyme-histochemical fibre-type proportions, although the number of fibres expressing both type IIA and IIB MHCs and of fibres expressing slow MLC isoforms was increased in the old animals. 4. Serum 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4) levels were lower (34%) in the old animals, but the primary byproduct of T4, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), did not differ between young and old animals. 5. The effects of 4 weeks of thyroid hormone treatment were highly muscle specific, and were more pronounced in soleus than in EDL, irrespective of animal age. In the soleus, this treatment shortened the contraction and half-relaxation times by 35-57% and decreased the number of type I fibres by 66-77% in both young and old animals. In EDL, thyroid hormone treatment significantly shortened the contraction time by 24%, but the change was restricted to the old animals. 6. In conclusion, the ability of skeletal muscle to respond to thyroid hormone treatment was not impaired in old age and the age-related changes in speed of contraction and enzyme-histochemical properties and myosin isoform compositions were diminished after thyroid hormone treatment in both the soleus and EDL.