Repetitive paroxysmal nystagmus and vertigo

A 55-year-old woman had paroxysms of vertigo and visual blurring associated with complex combined torsional, horizontal, and vertical nystagmus. These episodes occurred regularly at 2-minute intervals, each attack lasting for 15 seconds. Between attacks, there was a much finer asymptomatic nystagmus whose components were in the opposite direction to those associated with the paroxysmal attacks. A brain MRI revealed an arteriovenous malformation in close proximity to the left vestibular nucleus, with evidence of previous bleeding. Caloric testing demonstrated a left-sided vestibular paresis. We suggest that neurons in this patient's damaged left vestibular nucleus are usually underactive but regularly produce pathologic brief bursts of hyperactivity causing episodic reversal and gross exacerbation of her resting nystagmus. Treatment with low-dose carbamazepine was successful in abolishing both the paroxysms of nystagmus and the symptoms of vertigo and visual disturbance.