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Histologic changes associated with oral contraceptive usage

Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science

|July 1, 1976

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Oral contraceptives cause various histologic changes in multiple organs, including benign and malignant lesions. These effects are linked to the known actions of sex steroids, impacting reproductive and other tissues.

Area of Science:

Gynecologic Pathology
Endocrinology
Oncology

Background:

Histologic alterations are documented in various tissues due to oral contraceptive (OC) use.
These changes affect the cervix, endometrium, ovaries, breast, liver, and blood vessels.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the spectrum of histologic changes associated with oral contraceptive usage.
To correlate these changes with the known mechanisms of sex steroid action.

Main Methods:

Review of histologic findings in tissues from women using hormonal contraceptives.
Analysis of reported cases of benign and malignant lesions in relevant organs.
Correlation of observed changes with established hormonal effects.

Main Results:

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Common benign changes include cervical microglandular hyperplasia, endometrial gland regression, ovarian alterations (reduced size, fibrosis, suppressed follicle growth), and vascular endothelial proliferation.
Increasing reports of adenocarcinoma of the cervix, endometrial carcinoma, and liver tumors are noted.
Atypical benign changes in myometrium and breast tissue, and neoplastic lesions in animal studies, have also been described.

Conclusions:

Oral contraceptive use is associated with a wide range of histologic changes, from benign hyperplasia to malignant neoplasms.
These findings underscore the significant impact of hormonal contraceptives on various organ systems.
The observed changes correlate with the physiological actions of sex steroids.