Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 12, 2026

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration
Published on: June 7, 2012
Management strategies for hormonal replacement therapy
1Emory University School of Nursing, Nurse Midwifery Program, Atlanta, GA.
Abstract:
Every year for the next 10 years, approximately 4 million women will become perimenopausal. For these women an important decision is whether or not to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and if they decide affirmatively, then, for how long to use it. The health provider must be able to help the woman in her decision making process by identifying the risks, benefits, and contraindications to this therapy. This information, based on the latest research, is presented in this article along with the types of hormones available, prescription regimens, side effects, management issues, and possible alternatives to hormone therapy.
Related Concept Videos
Hormonal Regulation
Target Cell Response to Hormones
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Regulation of Hormone Secretion
Humoral stimuli,...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Birth Control Methods
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

