Metals and free radicals in neurodegeneration

Substantial evidence has accumulated implicating metals and free radicals in the pathogenesis of the major neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Metal-induced oxidant stress can damage critical biological molecules and initiate a cascade of events including mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and a rise in cytosolic free calcium, leading to cell death. In Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease there is evidence of oxidative stress in affected brain regions, as indicated by increased metal accumulation (which promotes free radical formation), decreased antioxidant levels (which protect against free radical formation), and oxidative damage. Recently, studies of the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have detected mutations in the gene that encodes superoxide dismutase, which is one of the body's primary oxidant defense mechanisms. Mice that are transfected with the human mutant superoxide dismutase gene develop an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis syndrome. These studies demonstrate that oxidant stress can initiate the development of a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder.