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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study
11:10

Antibody Binding Specificity for Kappa (Vκ) Light Chain-containing Human (IgM) Antibodies: Polysialic Acid (PSA) Attached to NCAM as a Case Study

Published on: June 29, 2016

Hyper-alpha-2-macroglobulinemia in narcotic addicts

N F Adham, M K Song, B F Eng

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |June 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary

    Narcotic addicts show significantly increased serum alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) levels. This elevation correlates with increased trypsin-binding activity, suggesting higher alpha-2-M synthesis in addiction.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Addiction Medicine

    Background:

    • Serum alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) is a major protease inhibitor.
    • Elevated alpha-2-M levels have been observed in various pathological conditions.
    • The role of alpha-2-M in narcotic addiction is not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate serum alpha-2-macroglobulin levels in narcotic addicts.
    • To explore the correlation between alpha-2-M and other serum markers in addicts.
    • To assess the functional activity related to alpha-2-M in this population.

    Main Methods:

    • Quantification of serum alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-M) levels using standard assays.
    • Measurement of serum immunoglobulin M and zinc content.

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  • Assay of serum trypsin-binding activity.
  • Comparison of levels between narcotic addicts, alcoholics with hepatic dysfunction, and normal subjects.

    • Main Results:

    • Narcotic addicts exhibited significantly higher mean alpha-2-M levels (341 +/- 14 mg/dl) compared to normal individuals (231 +/- 8 mg/dl).
    • Alcoholics with hepatic dysfunction showed intermediate alpha-2-M levels (208 +/- 10 mg/dl).
    • A strong linear correlation was found between serum alpha-2-M levels and trypsin-binding activity in all groups.

    Conclusions:

    • The study indicates a significant increase in serum alpha-2-macroglobulin in narcotic addicts.
    • Elevated trypsin-binding activity in addicts is directly related to the increased alpha-2-M levels.
    • Findings suggest enhanced alpha-2-M synthesis as a potential consequence of narcotic addiction.