Controlling rheumatic heart disease in developing countries

The streptococcal infection that leads to rheumatic heart disease, which accounts for one third to half of the cardiac admissions in developing countries, appears to spread especially rapidly in overcrowded living conditions. Rheumatic fever can be prevented by antibiotic treatment for streptococcal sore throat in children (primary prophylaxis), and its progression towards rheumatic heart disease can also be stopped by antibiotic therapy (secondary prophylaxis). At present, the most cost-effective control strategy appears to be secondary prophylaxis.