Renal failure in infectious mononucleosis

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Infectious Diseases
• Virology

Background:

• Infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as mono, is a viral illness primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
• While typically self-limiting, EBV infections can occasionally manifest with systemic complications.
• Renal involvement in infectious mononucleosis is uncommon and usually mild.

Observation:

• An 18-year-old male presented with generalized lymphadenopathy and interstitial nephritis.
• Diagnostic workup confirmed recent infectious mononucleosis and prior Epstein-Barr virus exposure.
• Biopsies of lymph nodes, liver, and kidneys revealed significant mononuclear cell infiltration.

Findings:

• The patient's condition progressed to end-stage renal disease requiring irreversible renal failure.
• These findings suggest a potential, albeit rare, association between infectious mononucleosis and severe renal pathology.
• Mononuclear cell infiltration was a key histopathological finding across multiple organs.

Implications:

• This case underscores the importance of considering EBV infection in the differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury, even in young individuals.
• Further research may elucidate the mechanisms underlying severe renal complications in infectious mononucleosis.
• Early recognition and management of potential complications could be crucial for patient outcomes.