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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Multiphasic thyrotropin responses to thyroid hormone administration in man

C A Spencer1, J S LoPresti, J T Nicoloff

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|March 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone (T3, T4) suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) occurs in three distinct phases, independent of thyroid status. This biphasic process, involving inhibition of TSH release and synthesis, has implications for thyroid disease treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Thyroid Physiology
  • Hormone Action

Background:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone production.
  • Understanding TSH suppression dynamics is crucial for managing thyroid disorders and hormone therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal patterns and magnitude of serum TSH suppression following thyroid hormone administration.
  • To characterize the phases of TSH suppression and their independence from thyroid status.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized third and fourth generation TSH assays with high sensitivity.
  • Administered single or multiple doses of thyroid hormone analogs (T3, T4, triiodothyroacetic acid) intravenously.
  • Analyzed serum TSH levels over time in euthyroid and hypothyroid subjects.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct phases of TSH suppression: rapid (1-20h), slower (10-20h to 6-8 weeks), and a chronic low level phase.
  • TSH suppression patterns were similar in euthyroid and hypothyroid individuals, independent of basal T3 levels.
  • Phase 1 suppression varied with administration time, while Phase 2 remained consistent.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone suppression of TSH is a complex, reproducible, biphasic process.
  • Phase 1 likely involves inhibition of TSH release, Phase 2 inhibition of synthesis/storage.
  • Findings are relevant to thyroid hormone-suppressive therapy for benign and neoplastic thyroid diseases.