Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of idrapril in rats, dogs, and humans

Idrapril is the prototype of a new class of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (plasma ACE activity) were investigated in rats, dogs (after intravenous and oral doses), and human volunteers (after oral doses). Following intravenous administration (1 mg/kg) to rats and dogs, elimination half-lives were 96 and 52 min, systemic clearance 19.6 and 9.5 ml/min kg, and volume of distribution 2.7 and 0.8 liters/kg, respectively. Pharmacokinetics appeared linear in dogs, within the dose range of 0.1-10 mg/kg. After oral administration of similar doses (approximately 2 mg/kg) in the three species studied, peak plasma concentrations were 182, 567, and 726 ng/ml; AUCs 25, 85, and 182 micrograms min/ml; and elimination half-lives 82, 54, and 174 min in rats, dogs, and healthy volunteers, respectively. Absolute oral bioavailability was calculated to be approximately 24% in rats and dogs. Idrapril did not bind to plasma proteins of the species studied. Plasma ACE was fully inhibited following oral administration of approximately 2 mg/kg in rats and humans, but in dogs maximal inhibition did not exceed 85%. Duration of action, measured as time for ACE to recover to 70% of initial activity, was approximately 5, 3, and 22 hr in rats, dogs, and humans, respectively. Idrapril plasma levels appeared correlated in a saturable way with inhibition of plasma ACE in all three species, yielding ex vivo IC50 values of approximately 7 ng/ml for both the rat and humans, and 91 ng/ml for dogs.