Influence of beta-carotene on immune functions

Recent reports have demonstrated that beta-carotene, a nontoxic carotenoid, is able to stimulate immune functions in humans. The purpose of this study is to understand the mechanisms of immunoenhancement by carotenoids in order to explain their anticancer effects. We have evaluated the clinical efficacy of beta-carotene, given 30 mg/day orally, for treatment of oral leukoplakia patients. Patients who responded to beta-carotene treatment showed increased plasma levels of TNF-alpha. Epithelial cells from these patients were characterized in vitro. These results may lead to a better understanding of the therapeutic use of beta-carotene in humans.