Control of neuronal morphogenesis by homeoproteins: consequences for the making of neuronal networks

To test whether homeoproteins can act as genetic regulators in the processes of neurite growth, branching, guidance, and connectivity, the 60 amino acid homeodomain of Antennapedia was introduced in embryonic neurons in primary culture. It was hoped that this homeopeptide would bind to specific promoters and thus behave as a competitive inhibitor of endogenous homeoproteins. The introduction of the homeodomain in the nerve cells was made easy by its unexpected capability to translocate through the membranes and to accumulate within the nuclei. The presence of the homeodomain within the cells correlated with an increase in neurite growth and branching. The absence of activity of mutant peptides, still internalized but unable to bind with high affinity to homeoprotein cognate binding sites, strongly suggested that endogenous homeoproteins modulate neurite outgrowth and branching. Moreover, the efficient internalization of the homeobox peptide by live cells in culture raises the possibility that, in addition to their well-established role as cell-autonomous transcription factors, some homeoproteins may also exert paracrine functions. We examine how these hypotheses could modify our current views on the establishment and plasticity of neuronal networks.