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Assessment of methods and outcomes: using modified inpatient ciprofloxacin criteria in community-based drug use
1College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311.
Objective:
To determine if published drug use evaluation (DUE) criteria for inpatients could be modified to describe and evaluate drug therapy in outpatients.
Design:
Retrospective review of drug profiles and diagnostic codes in outpatients included in the Iowa Medicaid Management Information System database.
Methods:
Criteria specifying clinical indication, process indicators, complications, and outcomes were modified from existing inpatient DUE criteria for ciprofloxacin. The Iowa Medicaid database provided demographics, drug profiles, and diagnostic codes for outpatients prescribed ciprofloxacin between March 1 and March 15, 1993.
Results:
539 patients were evaluated. Mean (+/- SD) age was 62.1 +/- 23.8 years; 70.9 percent were women, 44.9 percent were nursing home patients who received lower doses (p = 0.04). Of 146 patients (27.1 percent) with infection-related International Classification of Diseases-Clinical Modification, 9th Revision (ICD-9CM) codes, 43.8 percent did not meet indication for use criteria, 15.8 percent met criteria, and 40.4 percent were equivocal/other. Process indicators in 539 patients revealed that 2.4 percent were < 18 years old and potential interactions existed for theophylline (9.3 percent), iron (9.7 percent), warfarin (4.8 percent), sucralfate (2.2 percent). Two patients (0.4 percent) received prenatal vitamins. Dosage and duration of therapy could not be linked to disease severity. Complications of therapy were not evaluable. Outcomes were assessed indirectly by using concurrent antibiotic histories. These histories showed that patients received a mean 2.7 +/- 2.4 (median 2, range 1-16) ciprofloxacin prescriptions during the study period. There was frequent concurrent use of antibiotics, and 29 percent of prescriptions were preceded or followed by additional quinolone therapy within 30 days.
Conclusions:
Evaluating appropriateness of therapy with this methodology is feasible if validated ICD-9CM codes are reported consistently in sufficient numbers of patients. Low levels of reporting of relevant disease codes require that large numbers of patients be screened to use this method effectively. Descriptive use data are readily obtained. Data obtained by this method indicated several apparent deficiencies in ciprofloxacin therapy.
Insights
This study adapted inpatient drug use evaluation (DUE) criteria for outpatient ciprofloxacin therapy, revealing potential deficiencies in outpatient drug use. The methodology is feasible but requires extensive patient screening due to inconsistent diagnostic code reporting.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacoeconomics
- Health Services Research
- Drug Utilization Review
Background:
- Published drug use evaluation (DUE) criteria are primarily designed for inpatient settings.
- Adapting these criteria for outpatient settings is crucial for comprehensive drug therapy assessment.
- Ciprofloxacin is a widely used antibiotic, making its outpatient use evaluation important.
Purpose of the Study:
- To modify existing inpatient drug use evaluation (DUE) criteria for assessing outpatient drug therapy.
- To evaluate the appropriateness of ciprofloxacin prescribing in an outpatient population.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective review of drug profiles and diagnostic codes from the Iowa Medicaid Management Information System database.
- Modification of inpatient DUE criteria (indication, process, complications, outcomes) for ciprofloxacin.
- Analysis of 539 outpatients prescribed ciprofloxacin between March 1-15, 1993.
Main Results:
- Of 146 patients with infection codes, 43.8% did not meet indication for use criteria.
- Potential drug interactions were noted for theophylline (9.3%), iron (9.7%), and warfarin (4.8%).
- Frequent concurrent antibiotic use and subsequent quinolone therapy were observed, indicating potential overuse.
Conclusions:
- Adapting inpatient DUE criteria for outpatient evaluation is feasible with consistent, validated diagnostic code reporting.
- Low reporting rates necessitate screening large patient numbers for effective evaluation.
- The study identified apparent deficiencies in outpatient ciprofloxacin prescribing practices.
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