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Paratuberculosis

C Cocito1, P Gilot, M Coene

  • 1Microbiology and Genetics Unit, University of Louvain, Medical School, Brussels, Belgium.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|July 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a contagious ruminant mycobacteriosis causing severe economic loss. Diagnostic advancements include DNA analysis and specific antigen-based assays for early detection and control.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Microbiology
  • Ruminant Pathology
  • Immunodiagnostics

Background:

  • Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic, wasting mycobacteriosis in ruminants, characterized by extensive shedding and fatal enteritis.
  • The disease causes significant economic losses due to decreased weight, milk production, and fertility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, the causative agent of paratuberculosis.
  • To discuss current and emerging diagnostic methods for paratuberculosis detection in ruminants.
  • To explore the relevance of paratuberculosis diagnostics in human ileitis (Crohn's disease).

Main Methods:

  • DNA analysis, including base composition, genome size, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis identification.
  • Gene cloning and sequencing of M. paratuberculosis.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with nucleic acid probes for pathogen detection.
  • Evaluation of immunological diagnostic tests, including cutaneous testing, lymphocyte proliferation assays, cytokine tests, complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Main Results:

  • Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA shows high relatedness to Mycobacterium avium but can be distinguished by RFLP.
  • Species-specific nucleic acid probes, used after PCR, aid in M. paratuberculosis identification in clinical samples.
  • The carboxyl-terminal portion of the P34 protein contains species-specific epitopes, forming the basis for a sensitive ELISA.
  • Immune response shifts from cellular to humoral with disease progression, impacting diagnostic test specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular techniques like PCR with specific probes and RFLP offer improved identification of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
  • ELISA based on species-specific epitopes of the P34 protein shows promise for accurate paratuberculosis diagnosis.
  • Diagnostic strategies for paratuberculosis are relevant to human ileitis, such as Crohn's disease, where M. paratuberculosis has been implicated.

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