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Aging skeletal muscle: response to exercise

G D Cartee1

  • 1Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin/Madison.

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Aging muscle mass and strength decline due to fiber atrophy. Resistance and endurance training can improve muscle mass, strength, and oxidative capacity in older individuals, partially restoring youthful function.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Muscle Biology

Background:

  • Muscle mass and strength decline with age in both rats and humans, primarily due to fiber atrophy.
  • This age-related muscle loss impacts functional capacity and mobility in older adults.
  • Understanding the physiological changes in aging muscle is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of aging on muscle structure and function in rats and humans.
  • To examine the impact of resistance and endurance training on age-related muscle decline.
  • To identify physiological adaptations to exercise in older individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of muscle fiber types, mass, and strength in young and old rats and humans.
  • Assessment of muscle capillarity, blood flow, and oxidative capacity.
  • Evaluation of muscle glucose transport (GLUT-4) and metabolic enzyme activity (LDH, PFK, phosphorylase).
  • Analysis of muscle glycogen and creatine phosphate (CP) levels during exercise.

Main Results:

  • Aging leads to reduced muscle mass and strength, predominantly from fiber atrophy, with stable fiber type proportions.
  • Resistance training increases muscle mass and strength in older individuals by enhancing fiber size.
  • Endurance training improves muscle capillarity and oxidative capacity in older rats and humans, approaching levels seen in younger counterparts.
  • While exercise enhances glucose transport, GLUT-4 levels may not increase in very old rats, and older humans' muscle glycogen levels remain below youthful levels despite training.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related declines in muscle mass and strength are significant but can be partially reversed or mitigated by exercise.
  • Both resistance and endurance training offer substantial benefits for muscle health and function in old age.
  • Exercise interventions can improve muscle oxidative capacity and metabolic function, contributing to enhanced endurance and potentially delaying functional decline.

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