Menopausal changes in body composition and energy expenditure

Adult American women as a group tend to gain weight with age, and many women report that their weight gain started around the time of their menopause. Moreover, as women age, there are changes in body composition that include losses in bone mineral and body cell mass, and increases in total body fat, visceral fat, and extracellular fluid. It appears as if these body composition changes begin or accelerate during the menopausal years. The importance of weight gain and changes in body composition are their associations with an increased risk of developing some malignancies, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and several other clinical conditions. This overview describes selected studies of menopause and aging-associated weight gain, changes in body composition, and alterations of energy expenditure in women. Gaps in the present understanding of these changes are highlighted, and an emphasis is placed on new research methodologies for investigating body composition and energy expenditure in vivo. A concluding section of the report summarizes areas in need of future investigation.