Ethical principles in the conduct of menopause research

The same ethical principles that apply to biomedical research in general also govern research on menopause. The principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice embody ethical concerns in the selection and recruitment of subjects, the process of obtaining informed consent from potential subjects, the assessment of risks and benefits, and the conduct of the research itself. An argument might be made that to conduct research on menopause in which some subjects fail to receive-hormone replacement therapy would be unethical. This argument contains a number of fallacies. The assumption that women are incapable of weighing the risks and benefits and deciding whether to participate in the research betrays a lack of respect for women's capacity for critical evaluation. The principle of beneficence supports carrying out research to enhance the scientific knowledge on which to base treatment recommendations. The principle of justice requires that long-overdue research be conducted on aspects of the aging process affecting more than 50% of the population.