Haemophilus ducreyi attaches to and invades human epithelial cells in vitro

Haemophilus ducreyi is a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes genital ulcers and inguinal adenopathy. Because chancroidal ulcers are most commonly located on the foreskins of uncircumcised males, we utilized human foreskin epithelial cells (HFECs) to investigate the initial interaction of H. ducreyi with its host. The eight different strains of H. ducreyi that were studied varied in their abilities to attach to these epithelial cells, with six strains consistently attaching to > or = 90% of HFECs and two strains attaching to < 25% of HFECs. The strains with low levels of adherence also failed to exhibit chaining in broth culture and were avirulent in the rabbit model, suggesting that virulence in this model and attachment may be linked. The most adherent strain, LA228R, was further evaluated for its ability to invade HFECs and HEp-2 cells. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of HFECs after interaction with LA228R produced images consistent with attachment, ingestion into vesicles, and escape from the vesicles into the cytoplasm. In addition, the gentamicin protection assay and inhibition of invasion by cytochalasin B and D indicated that LA228R was able to invade both HFECs and HEp-2 cells. Further examination of the mechanisms involved in the adherence and invasion of H. ducreyi into epithelial cells and their correlation with virulence will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease caused by this important pathogen.