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Biomechanical properties of small bone screws

Z H You¹, W H Bell, E D Schneiderman

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX.

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

|December 1, 1994

Summary

Shorter unthreaded shanks and specific pitch improve screw strength in thin bone. Screw diameter is a key factor, but head slot and cutting flute design significantly impact performance.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic biomechanics
Biomaterials science
Surgical implant design

Background:

Screws are critical orthopedic implants.
Understanding screw biomechanical properties is essential for optimal surgical outcomes.
Variations in screw design can significantly influence performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically evaluate the biomechanical properties of 13 popular screw designs.
To compare screw performance across a range of diameters (0.8–2.0 mm).
To identify design features affecting screw strength and insertion efficiency.

Main Methods:

Characterized 13 screw designs based on dimensions, flute, head, material, and thread parameters.
Tested screws in standardized bovine femur bone specimens of varying thicknesses (1–4 mm).

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Determined push-out force (POF), insertion torque (IT), and maximum torque (MT) through 1,040 tests.

Main Results:

Screw diameter strongly predicted torque (MT: r = .94, IT: r = 0.92).
In 1-mm bone, 2-mm screws showed significant variation in POF and MT, influenced by unthreaded shank and pitch.
Head slot stripping affected MT in thicker bones; cutting flute design impacted IT for same-diameter screws.

Conclusions:

External diameter, unthreaded shank height, head slot, and cutting flute design are critical for screw strength in thin cortical bone.
Thread depth, core diameter, and material type had minimal impact on performance.
An ideal 2-mm screw for thin bone has a short unthreaded shank and approximately 0.8 mm pitch, though clinical factors also guide selection.