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Cadmium and prostate cancer

M P Waalkes¹, S Rehm

¹Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201.

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

|November 1, 1994

Summary

Cadmium exposure is linked to increased risk of prostate cancer. Studies in rats show cadmium can induce prostate tumors, suggesting a potential role in human prostatic cancer development.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Toxicology
Oncology

Background:

Prostate cancer incidence and mortality are rising globally.
The etiology of prostate cancer is complex, involving multiple factors.
Cadmium, an environmental toxin, has been controversially linked to human prostate cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evidence linking cadmium exposure to prostate cancer.
To discuss the role of animal models in understanding this association.

Main Methods:

Review of chronic cadmium exposure studies in rats.
Analysis of in vitro studies on cadmium and prostatic cells.
Examination of metallothionein gene activity in relation to cadmium-induced tumors.

Main Results:

Several chronic rat studies demonstrate a correlation between cadmium exposure and prostatic tumors, including oral exposure.
In vitro studies show cadmium can induce malignant transformation of prostatic epithelial cells.
Evidence suggests hormonal dependence and impaired cadmium tolerance in susceptible prostate lobes.

Conclusions:

Cadmium induction of prostate cancer in rats supports a potential etiological role in humans.
Further research is necessary to definitively establish cadmium's role in human prostate cancer.

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