Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Carbon dioxide/oxygen challenge test in panic disorder

G Perna1, M Battaglia, A Garberi

  • 1Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, S. Raffaele Hospital, Italy.

Psychiatry Research
|May 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Attitudes towards adjunctive surgical therapy for pulmonary TB in Europe: an ESGMYC, ESTS, and TBnet collaborative survey.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2026
Same author

Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

GW250114: Testing Hawking's Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Prevalence of sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease and its association with intestinal findings: a monocentric observational cross-sectional study.

Clinical and experimental medicine·2025
Same author

Deciphering the Instability of the Black Hole Ringdown Quasinormal Spectrum.

Physical review letters·2024
Same author

Clinical outcomes and predictors of success with Impella weaning in cardiogenic shock: a single-center experience.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2023

Inhaling a 35% carbon dioxide (CO2) gas mixture triggered anxiety and panic symptoms exclusively in patients with panic disorder. This CO2 reactivity may serve as a trait marker for panic disorder.

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Panic disorder is a debilitating condition characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks.
  • Identifying reliable biological markers for panic disorder is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation has been previously explored as a challenge test for anxiety disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anxiogenic effects of a 35% CO2/65% O2 gas mixture in patients with panic disorder compared to healthy controls.
  • To determine if CO2 inhalation can differentiate panic disorder patients from normal subjects.
  • To explore the relationship between CO2 reactivity and clinical features of panic disorder.

Main Methods:

  • A challenge test involving a single inhalation of a 35% CO2/65% O2 gas mixture was administered to 71 patients with panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) and 44 normal control subjects.

Related Experiment Videos

  • A placebo condition (air inhalation) was used for comparison.
  • Subjective anxiety levels and specific panic symptoms were assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • The CO2/O2 mixture induced a significant anxiety reaction and panic symptoms only in patients with panic disorder.
    • Respiratory symptoms and fear of dying were key indicators distinguishing panic disorder patients from controls.
    • Baseline anxiety levels did not predict the differential response to CO2 inhalation.

    Conclusions:

    • CO2 inhalation serves as a potent anxiogenic stimulus specifically in individuals with panic disorder.
    • CO2 reactivity appears to be a potential trait marker for panic disorder, independent of baseline anxiety or clinical symptom severity.
    • These findings support the use of CO2 challenge tests in understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of panic disorder.