[Diagnosis of graft rejection]

The topic of renal transplant rejection diagnosis is reviewed. The immunological and morphological findings and the clinical presentation of hyperacute, acute and chronic rejection are described. The indications for, and the value and limitations of diagnostic techniques such as core biopsy, fine-needle aspiration cytology, duplex Doppler sonography and immunological findings are analyzed. Early diagnosis and treatment are regarded as the central aim to prevent graft loss through rejection.