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Serial position effects in implicit and explicit tests of memory

F B Gershberg1, A P Shimamura

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|November 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
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Serial position effects on memory were studied. Implicit memory showed transient primacy and recency effects, while explicit memory consistently demonstrated primacy effects, especially in free recall tasks.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Understanding how the position of information during learning affects recall is crucial for memory theories.
  • Serial position effects, including primacy and recency, are well-documented phenomena in memory research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of serial position during study on both implicit and explicit memory tests.
  • To determine the persistence and conditions under which serial position effects manifest in different memory systems.

Main Methods:

  • Participants underwent implicit memory tests (word-stem completion) and explicit memory tests (cued recall, free recall).
  • Experiments manipulated testing conditions, including immediate recall and delayed recall after a 1-minute filled interval.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Data analysis focused on identifying primary and recency effects across different memory tasks and testing intervals.

    • Main Results:

    • Implicit memory tests revealed transient primacy and recency effects, which disappeared with extended testing or delay.
    • Explicit cued recall showed a persistent primacy effect when performance was below ceiling levels.
    • Explicit free recall consistently demonstrated primacy effects, irrespective of immediate or delayed testing.

    Conclusions:

    • Serial position effects differ significantly between implicit and explicit memory systems.
    • Primacy effects are more robust in explicit memory, particularly in free recall, and less susceptible to delay.
    • Recency effects appear more fragile and are more easily disrupted in implicit memory paradigms.