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Related Concept Videos

FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization02:07

FISH - Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, was developed in the early 1980s and has quickly become one of the most widely used techniques in cytogenetics. Labeled probes are used to bind complementary DNA or RNA sequences on a chromosome or in a region within a cell. Earlier, the probes could only be obtained by cloning or reverse transcription of a DNA template. Currently, the probe oligonucleotides can be synthesized synthetically. Additionally, with the advancement of optical techniques,...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

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Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
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In-situ Hybridization02:31

In-situ Hybridization

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In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
Types of probes and labels
A probe is a complementary strand of DNA or RNA that binds to corresponding nucleotide sequences in a cell. Many...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
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An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

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Comparative genomic hybridization: an overview

J Houldsworth1, R S Chaganti

  • 1Department of Human Genetics and Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021.

The American Journal of Pathology
|December 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) identifies chromosomal copy number changes in tumors, revealing novel amplified regions and genetic alterations missed by traditional methods. This molecular-cytogenetic assay aids in identifying diagnostic and prognostic indicators for various diseases.

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Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

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Last Updated: Feb 27, 2026

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
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Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Array CGH for Detection of Genomic Copy Number Variants
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Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Cytogenetics
  • Genomics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) is a molecular-cytogenetic technique for global analysis of chromosomal gains and losses.
  • It involves competitive hybridization of differentially labeled test and reference genomic DNAs to normal human metaphase chromosomes.
  • CGH reveals copy number variations (CNVs) at specific chromosomal locations via fluorescence microscopy.

Discussion:

  • Application of CGH to tumor DNAs (fresh-frozen and cell lines) identified recurrent chromosomal gains and losses.
  • Many novel amplified regions were discovered, surpassing the resolution of traditional cytogenetic analysis.
  • CGH can be adapted for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archived tumor specimens, expanding its utility.

Key Insights:

  • CGH detected previously unknown chromosomal copy number alterations in various tumor types.
  • Identified novel amplified genomic regions requiring further molecular genetic investigation to isolate perturbed genes.
  • Validated CGH's ability to analyze archival FFPE samples, enabling retrospective studies.

Outlook:

  • Prospective and retrospective CGH studies on tumor specimens can identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
  • Potential future applications include detecting chromosomal abnormalities in prenatal diagnosis and dysmorphic syndromes.
  • CGH facilitates comprehensive genomic profiling for enhanced disease understanding and management.