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Adaptive function of depression: psychotherapeutic implications

L Sloman1, J Price, P Gilbert

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario.

American Journal of Psychotherapy
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
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Attachment and social hierarchy theories explain depression. The "Involuntary Subordinate Strategy" (ISS) in losers of hierarchical encounters may manifest as prolonged depression if not resolved through acceptance.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Attachment and social hierarchy theories offer frameworks for understanding human social behaviors.
  • These theories can illuminate strategies observed in both normal life and depressive states.

Observation:

  • Hierarchical encounters can trigger an "Involuntary Subordinate Strategy" (ISS) in the loser, signaling the encounter's end.
  • This ISS is a psychophysiological mechanism with deep phylogenetic roots.
  • Loss of a significant relationship (love object) can also activate ineffective anger or rage, potentially triggering the ISS.

Findings:

  • Prolonged and intense activation of the ISS is a manifestation of depression.
  • Factors preventing the "acceptance" of loss can escalate the ISS, leading to depressive illness.

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Implications:

  • Psychotherapy can target the ISS by promoting "acceptance" without negative self-evaluation.
  • Cognitive restructuring can help patients modify unrealistic ideals, change their environment, or develop self-assertiveness to mitigate the ISS.