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Blood Flow

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Micro-particle Image Velocimetry for Velocity Profile Measurements of Micro Blood Flows

Published on: April 25, 2013

Developments in non-radioactive microsphere techniques for blood flow measurement

F W Prinzen¹, R W Glenny

¹Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Limburg, The Netherlands.

Cardiovascular Research

|October 1, 1994

Summary

Non-radioactive microsphere methods, especially fluorescent microspheres, offer cost savings and new research avenues. These techniques are promising for chronic animal studies and combined measurements, with potential for automation.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical engineering
Physiology
Medical imaging

Background:

Microsphere-based methods are crucial for measuring blood flow and tissue perfusion.
Traditional radioactive microspheres pose safety and logistical challenges.
Development of non-radioactive alternatives is essential for broader application.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the progress and potential of non-radioactive microsphere techniques.
To highlight the advantages of fluorescent microspheres over other non-radioactive methods.
To encourage further development and adoption of these methods.

Main Methods:

Validation of three commercially available non-radioactive microsphere kits.
Comparison of non-radioactive methods with traditional radioactive techniques.
Exploration of histological quantification of colored or fluorescent microspheres.

Main Results:

Non-radioactive microspheres demonstrate promising validation results and cost-effectiveness.
Fluorescent microsphere technique shows high sensitivity, spectral separation, and compatibility with histological analysis.
Potential for using at least six labels and simplified sample processing.

Conclusions:

Non-radioactive microspheres, particularly fluorescent ones, offer significant advantages in cost, safety, and experimental flexibility.
These methods enable chronic animal studies and simultaneous blood flow/chemical measurements.
Further automation of quantification will enhance the utility and adoption of non-radioactive microsphere techniques.