Human lung impedance from spontaneous breathing frequencies to 32 Hz

Lung impedance (ZL) was measured from 0.1875 to 32 Hz in spontaneously breathing healthy subjects by spectral analysis of the pressure and flow signals generated simultaneously by the muscular generator of breathing and by a forced oscillation system. This method did not require cooperation from the subject to perform panting or special ventilatory maneuvers and therefore allowed us to analyze the frequency dependence of lung resistance, reactance, and elastance (-2 pi.frequency.reactance) at the physiological conditions of normal breathing. Resistance and elastance parameters were also computed by multiple linear regression of the time-domain pressure and flow data on a simple resistance-elastance model. Resistances and elastances computed at the breathing frequency by spectral analysis and by multiple linear regression were similar (nonsignificant differences < 4 and 10%, respectively). The results obtained when comparing ZL from the breathing component (0.1875-0.75 Hz) of the recorded signals and from the forced oscillation component (2-32 Hz) were fairly consistent. ZL (0.1875-10 Hz) was interpreted in terms of a model consisting of an airway compartment, including a resistance and an inertance, in series with a viscoelastic tissue compartment (J. Hildebrandt. J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 365-372, 1970) characterized by two parameters. The model analysis provided parameter values (resistance 2.49 +/- 0.58 hPa.l-1.s, inertance 1.70 +/- 0.29 Pa.l-1.s2, Hildebrandt parameters 4.87 +/- 2.28 and 0.73 +/- 0.99 hPa/l) consistent with the hypothesis that lung tissue in healthy humans during spontaneous breathing behaves as a viscoelastic structure with a hysteresivity of approximately 0.10.