An atypical course of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Based on the discussion of NMS, certain conclusions may be reached in regard to this patient. In the psychiatric setting, agitation and confusion alone are not suggestive of NMS. However in this patient, the symptoms of agitation, the rapid development of EPS symptoms unresponsive to anticholinergic therapy, autonomic changes (tachycardia, diaphoresis, and incontinence), and elevated CPK, met most of the diagnostic criteria described in Table VI. However, this case may have described an atypical presentation of NMS because of the absence of temperature increases during the onset of symptoms and the 7-week hospitalization for NMS. The patient's later onset of temperature elevations was a result of an aspiration pneumonia. Pneumonia and renal failure significantly increased the morbidity and extended the course of the illness. As a result, the diagnosis and specific treatment of NMS were delayed because of atypical symptoms and complications. In this patient, treatment of NMS with bromocriptine did not start until 10 days into hospitalization. A delay in pharmacologic therapy in this patient may have contributed to persistence of symptoms. The patient showed signs of improvement on day 21 during combination bromocriptine, benztropine, and dantrolene therapy. Moreover, this case exemplifies the rigorous need for supportive therapy and adjunctive pharmacologic therapy for primary and secondary complications resulting from NMS. In conclusion, because of the wide range of risk factors and variations of NMS, a systematic approach to diagnosing and treating NMS is critical to a successful outcome. Discontinuation of antipsychotics, maintenance of supportive therapy aimed at preventing dehydration, hemodynamic, and electrolyte imbalances, and pharmacotherapy are essential in the treatment of NMS.