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Stimulus congruence and the Simon effect

M J O'Leary1, P J Barber

  • 1Department of Psychology, Birkbeck College, London, U.K.

Psychological Research
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
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This study investigated the Simon effect, examining if stimulus congruence or irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) relationships drive it. Results show both factors significantly influence responses, suggesting a more complex explanation is needed.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • The Simon effect is a well-documented phenomenon in cognitive psychology.
  • Existing theories debate whether the Simon effect arises from stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility or stimulus attribute congruence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that the Simon effect is caused by stimulus attribute congruence rather than irrelevant S-R relationships.
  • To independently assess the effects of stimulus congruence, stimulus location S-R compatibility, and stimulus word S-R compatibility.

Main Methods:

  • Participants responded to the congruence between presented words (LEFT, RIGHT) and their spatial location.
  • A novel task design allowed for direct measurement of congruence effects and irrelevant S-R effects.

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Main Results:

  • Significant effects were observed for stimulus congruence, stimulus location S-R compatibility (Simon effect), and stimulus word S-R compatibility (reverse Simon effect).
  • Both congruence and irrelevant S-R factors demonstrated marked effects on response behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Stimulus congruence is a plausible factor in explaining the Simon effect.
  • The strong influence of irrelevant S-R factors indicates that current explanations of the Simon effect may be incomplete.
  • A comprehensive model, potentially incorporating stimulus salience, is proposed.