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Related Experiment Videos

Geometric changes in the cervical spinal canal during impact

D G Chang1, A F Tencer, R P Ching

  • 1Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle.

Spine
|April 15, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Post-injury imaging underestimates cervical spine canal deformation during fractures. Transient changes in canal occlusion and axial length during impact are critical for understanding injury severity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Surgery
  • Trauma Research

Background:

  • Cervical spine fractures can cause significant injury, but the dynamic deformations within the spinal canal during the injury event remain poorly understood.
  • Current imaging techniques primarily assess residual damage, not the acute changes occurring at the moment of impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare transient spinal canal occlusion and axial length changes during simulated cervical spine burst fractures with the deformations observed after the injury.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of post-injury measurements in representing the true extent of canal compromise during the traumatic event.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated compressive burst fractures were created in ten cadaveric cervical spine specimens using a drop-weight impactor.
  • Spinal canal occlusion was measured using a fluid-filled flexible tube, while axial length changes were monitored using cables and linearly variable differential transformers (LVDTs).

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  • Transient and post-injury canal geometry were compared using pre- and post-injury radiographs and CT scans.

    • Main Results:

    • Post-injury measurements significantly underestimated transient axial height loss (35% recovery) and canal area changes (139% recovery).
    • Transient and post-injury height loss and canal area were not significantly correlated, indicating poor representation of acute injury.
    • While post-injury midsagittal diameter showed a weak correlation (r²=0.481), it also did not fully capture the transient canal narrowing.

    Conclusions:

    • Spinal canal occlusion and shortening during the impact are key mechanisms contributing to spinal cord injury in burst fractures.
    • Post-injury radiographic assessments significantly underestimate the severity of transient spinal canal deformation that occurs during the initial traumatic event.