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Accuracy of infrared ear thermometry and traditional temperature methods in young children
1School of Nursing, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098.
Insights
Rectal temperature accurately reflects core body temperature in children, outperforming ear-based and axillary methods. Ear thermometers may require adjustments for pediatric use.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric critical care
- Thermometry accuracy
- Core body temperature measurement
Background:
- Accurate core body temperature measurement is crucial in pediatric critical care.
- Various methods exist, including ear-based, rectal, and axillary, each with potential limitations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare the accuracy of ear-based, rectal, and axillary temperature measurements against bladder temperature in children.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of different temperature measurement techniques in pediatric critical care settings.
Main Methods:
- A repeated-measures comparison study was conducted in two tertiary care pediatric critical care units.
- Thirty children (1-45 months) requiring bladder catheters had ear-based, rectal, and axillary temperatures measured.
- Measurements were correlated and compared with continuous bladder temperature readings.
Main Results:
- Rectal temperature showed high correlation (r=0.93-0.97) and minimal offset (+0.2 ± 0.2°C) compared to bladder temperature.
- Ear-based temperatures correlated well (r=0.80-0.87) but were lower (-0.3 to -0.7°C) and variable; ear tugs did not improve accuracy.
- Axillary temperature demonstrated poor correlation (r=0.59-0.64) with significant underestimation (-0.9 ± 0.6°C) and high variability.
Conclusions:
- Rectal temperature is a reliable surrogate for bladder (core) temperature in young children.
- Current infrared ear thermometer adjustments may be inadequate for pediatric core temperature assessment.
- Axillary temperature is unreliable for accurate core temperature monitoring in this population.
Objective:
To compare the accuracy of ear-based, rectal, and axillary temperature measurements in comparison to bladder temperature as a core reference.
Design:
Repeated-measures comparison study.
Settings:
Pediatric critical care settings in two tertiary care hospitals.
Patients:
Thirty children, 1 to 45 months old (mean 16.6 months), who required bladder catheters for their care.
Outcome Measures:
Correlation and agreement (mean offset +/- SD) of ear-based, rectal, and axillary temperature measurements with bladder temperature.
Procedure:
Ear-based measurements were made with three infrared thermometers in the core mode, both with and without an ear tug. All six readings were made in the same ear in randomized order. Bladder, rectal, and axillary temperatures were read from continuous digital displays immediately after each ear-based measurement.
Results:
Ear-based readings correlated relatively well with bladder temperature (r = 0.80 to 0.87), but were lower by means of -0.3 degrees to -0.7 degrees C with moderately high variation (SD = 0.4 degrees to 0.5 degrees C) between children. Use of an ear tug did not affect the readings. Rectal temperature correlated well with bladder values (r = 0.93 to 0.97) and was usually slightly higher (mean offset = 0.2 +/- 0.2 [SD] degrees C), while axillary temperature correlated rather poorly (r = 0.59 to 0.64), with much lower and more variable readings (mean offset = 0.9 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees C). In regard to sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value in screening for fever, rectal readings performed very well, ear-based readings moderately well with some variation, and axillary readings poorly.
Conclusions:
The findings suggest that the additive core-mode adjustments in infrared ear thermometers are too low for young children, an ear tug is not an essential part of measurement technique, rectal temperature closely reflects bladder temperature, and axillary temperature is low and highly variable.