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Related Experiment Videos

Cardiovascular responses elicited by different simulated diving manoeuvres

J Trouerbach1, D Duprez, M De Buyzere

  • 1Department of Cardiology-Angiology, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.

European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Applying an ice bag to the forehead mimics cardiac and vascular responses of face immersion. This simple test effectively stimulates both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, similar to the diving response.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Function
  • Diving Reflex Research

Background:

  • Cold facial stimulation and breath-holding individually elicit cardiovascular changes.
  • The relative contributions of these factors to the diving response remain debated.
  • Peripheral vascular responses to these stimuli in different body regions require clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the individual contributions of cold facial stimulation and breath-holding to cardiovascular changes.
  • To compare peripheral vascular responses in the forearm and calf.
  • To evaluate the ice bag on the forehead test as an alternative to face immersion.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects underwent breath-holding, forehead ice application, and combined stimuli.

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  • Cardiac responses (RR-interval) and peripheral vascular responses (forearm and calf vasoconstriction) were measured.
  • Arterial blood pressure changes were monitored.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant, sustained increase in RR-interval observed during all tested conditions.
    • Homogeneous vasoconstriction occurred in both forearm and calf.
    • Cardiovascular responses to combined stimuli were not significantly different from individual stimuli.
    • Arterial blood pressure showed minimal changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Forehead cold stimulation and breath-holding individually elicit similar cardiovascular and vascular responses as combined stimuli.
    • The ice bag on the forehead test is a viable, less demanding alternative to face immersion for assessing diving responses.
    • The findings highlight heterogeneous cardiovascular responses involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic activation.