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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
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Mutation load under vegetative reproduction and cytoplasmic inheritance

A S Kondrashov1

  • 1Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.

Genetics
|May 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Obligate vegetative reproduction can increase mutation load, potentially explaining its rarity. Factors like mutation rate and cell number influence this genetic load, especially when relatedness is low.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Multicellular organisms typically arise from a single cell.
  • Obligate vegetative reproduction involves offspring initiated by multiple cells from a parent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the balance between deleterious mutations and selection in obligate vegetative reproduction.
  • To understand factors influencing mutation load in different reproductive strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling of mutation-selection balance.
  • Analysis of mutation load based on mutation rate (U), number of initiating cells (n), and cell relatedness.

Main Results:

  • Mutation load increases with higher mutation rates (U), more initiating cells (n), and stricter selection.

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  • Load decreases with increased relatedness among initiating cells.
  • Obligate vegetative reproduction can lead to a substantially higher mutation load (if Un >> 1) compared to sexual or asexual reproduction, potentially explaining its rarity.

    • Conclusions:

    • The high mutation load under obligate vegetative reproduction may explain its infrequent occurrence.
    • Taxa with cytological features minimizing this load are more likely to utilize it long-term.
    • The model also explains mutation load in organelle inheritance and multinuclear cell division.