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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Induced-fit Model01:13

Induced-fit Model

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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
Enzymes exhibit substrate specificity, meaning that they can only bind to certain substrates. This is mainly determined by the shape and chemical...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors

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Tumor-induced osteomalacia

M Hewison1

  • 1Department of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare condition causing bone softening due to a tumor. Early recognition and tumor removal are key for cure, though diagnosis can be challenging.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome.
  • Characterized by hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia, and low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
  • Successful tumor resection cures the condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics and challenges of diagnosing TIO.
  • To explore potential pathophysiological links between TIO and inherited hypophosphatemia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of reported cases of TIO.
  • Analysis of the pathophysiology of TIO.
  • Comparison with inherited forms of hypophosphatemia.

Main Results:

  • Over 80 cases of TIO reported, but diagnosis is often delayed.
  • Difficulty in tumor localization contributes to diagnostic delays.
  • Potential homologies exist between TIO and inherited hypophosphatemia.

Conclusions:

  • TIO requires increased clinical awareness for timely diagnosis.
  • Further research into inherited hypophosphatemia may elucidate TIO's pathophysiology.
  • Understanding shared mechanisms could improve TIO management.