Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 30, 2026

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
Published on: January 17, 2013
The use of internal representation in fast gold-directed movements: a modeling approach
1Delft University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Marine Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628-CD Delft, The Netherlands.
Abstract:
This study investigates the role of the human central nervous system (CNS) in the control of fast goal-directed movements. The main problem is that the latencies inherent in the transmission of physiological signals cause a delayed feedback of sensory information. Therefore, the muscle command signals cannot be explained by a simple servo-loop, so a more sophisticated control structure is required. Our hypothesis is that the CNS employs an internal representation of the controlled system in order to circumvent the drawbacks of the physiological loop delay. To test this hypothesis a mathematical model based on an internal representation and an internal state feedback has been developed. Computer simulations of double-step stimuli (control behaviour), tendon vibration and torque disturbances (disturbance behaviour) and load perturbations (adaptation behaviour) proved to agree remarkably well with experimental observations. The proposed control model can explain the open-loop and closed-loop aspects of human motor control. Hence, the use of an internal representation in generating the muscle command signals is very plausible.
Related Concept Videos
Velocity and Position by Graphical Method
Internal Forces and Center of Gravity
Internal forces are generated within a body due to the interaction between its particles. These forces can be categorized into tension, compression, and...
Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies
Next,...
Muscle Coordination and Action
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.
Planar Rigid-Body Motion
Planar motion is typically divided into three distinct categories. The first is rectilinear translation, demonstrated by a subway train that moves along...
Absolute Motion Analysis- General Plane Motion
As the drone's propellers rotate, an upward force is generated that counteracts the force of gravity, enabling the drone to lift off from the ground. This initial movement of the drone is along a straight path, representing a form of translational motion. In this phase, every point on the drone...

