Use of a phase variation-specific promoter of Myxococcus xanthus in a strategy for isolating a phase-locked mutant

The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus alternates between two colony types distinguished by colony morphology and pigmentation. Because the two phases are interconvertible, this phenomenon has been termed phase variation. In one phase, the colonies are bright yellow, rough, and swarming. In the alternate phase, the colonies are tan and mucoid with smooth edges. During exponential vegetative growth, the populations within a colony reach an equilibrium of approximately 99% yellow and 1% tan cells. Neither the biological function nor the genetic mechanism of phase variation is currently understood. To investigate phase variation, a yellow-phase-specific promoter was identified by Tn5lac mutagenesis. A tan-phase-locked mutant was isolated by a strategy, described in this study, which involved introducing a selectable marker expressed under phase-regulated expression. This was accomplished by a fusion of the cloned yellow-phase-specific promoter to a promoterless kanamycin resistance gene. The defect in the phase-locked mutant, given the designation var-683, caused the rate of switching from the tan to yellow phase to be reduced by at least 10(3)-fold below the wild-type rate of switching. This strain will provide a stable tan population for genetic and biological analysis. Evidence is presented for the existence of a transcriptional regulator which controls the expression of phase-regulated promoters.