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Related Concept Videos

Joints

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

Structural Classification of Joints

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

Published on: April 11, 2012

Physeal fractures: Part 3. Classification

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.

Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics

|July 1, 1994

Summary

A new physeal fracture classification system was developed based on 100 years of research and population data. This updated system includes two novel fracture types, offering improved anatomic, epidemiologic, and prognostic foundations.

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Pediatric Orthopedics
Skeletal Biology

Background:

Physeal fractures are common injuries in children.
Existing classification systems for physeal fractures have evolved over the past century.
Previous classifications have limitations in accurately categorizing all fracture types.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a new, comprehensive classification system for physeal fractures.
To address limitations of existing systems by incorporating new data.
To provide a classification with strong anatomic, epidemiologic, and prognostic validity.

Main Methods:

Review of historical physeal fracture classification systems.
Analysis of population-based epidemiological data on physeal fractures.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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Construction of a novel classification system based on reviewed data.

Main Results:

A new classification system for physeal fractures has been established.
The new system incorporates two previously unclassified fracture types.
The proposed classification demonstrates robust anatomic, epidemiologic, and prognostic characteristics.

Conclusions:

The developed classification offers a more complete framework for physeal fractures.
This system enhances understanding and management of pediatric skeletal injuries.
The new classification provides a foundation for future research and clinical practice in physeal fracture management.