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Evolution of multiple areas and modules within neocortex

J H Kaas1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240.

Perspectives on Developmental Neurobiology
|January 1, 1993
PubMed
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The evolution of brain complexity shows that new cortical areas develop through gradual differentiation. This process involves input segregation and module coalescence, with all stages present in mammals today.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • The number of cortical areas varies significantly across species, from a few in early mammals to over a hundred in humans.
  • Evolutionary pathways for new cortical areas include gradual differentiation, addition of new tissue, and gene duplication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a specific theory on the gradual differentiation of cortical areas.
  • To explain the evolutionary mechanisms driving the expansion of the cerebral cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of cortical area evolution.
  • Analysis of existing mammalian cortical organization to identify evolutionary stages.

Main Results:

  • A model where new cortical areas emerge from segregating input modules within existing areas.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Demonstration that all proposed stages of differentiation are observable in extant mammals.
  • Functional advantages may exist at each stage, allowing for stable intermediate forms.

    • Conclusions:

    • Gradual differentiation, involving input segregation and module coalescence, is a plausible mechanism for the evolution of cortical areas.
    • The presence of all evolutionary stages in modern mammals supports the proposed gradual differentiation model.
    • Evolutionary change is not always inevitable, as intermediate stages can be functionally advantageous and stable.