Paradoxical influence of estrogenic hormones on platelet-endothelial cell interactions

Controversies abound in the literature about the safety and efficacy of tamoxifen and estrogen. We studied the effect of these 2 hormonal agents on factors involved in in vitro thrombogenesis: platelets and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were derived from human umbilical veins and platelets were obtained from premenopausal and postmenopausal women, women on oral contraceptives, postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy, men, and patients with breast cancer who had been taking adjuvant tamoxifen for more than 1 year. The interaction of platelets with endothelial cell matrix was measured in 2 systems: 1) in a flow chamber at low shear rate and, 2) with 51Cr labeled platelets in a "static" culture system. In the static system, platelets from women on tamoxifen exhibited decreased platelet adherence to endothelial cell matrix whether they were grown in tamoxifen or control conditions, when compared to platelets from premenopausal women. When flow (25 sec-1) was added these differences were negated. Neither tamoxifen nor 17 beta estradiol had an effect on endothelial cell proliferation or platelet aggregation. Adhesion of platelets at low shear was not altered when platelet rich plasma was incubated with tamoxifen nor when endothelial cells were grown in tamoxifen. In contrast, incubation of platelets in 17 beta estradiol decreased platelet adhesion at low shear rate, however, there was no effect on platelet adhesion when endothelial cells were grown in 17 beta estradiol. We conclude that in early stages of thrombus formation as measured in vitro, tamoxifen may not have a detrimental effect and estrogen may be protective.