Effects of aging on quantitative structural properties of coronary vasculature and microvasculature in rats

To determine whether the alterations in coronary vascular resistance with aging have a structural basis, the quantitative properties of the intramural branches of the coronary circulation and capillary network were measured in Fischer 344 rats at 4, 12, 20, and 29 mo. Physiological measurements demonstrated that a severe impairment in cardiac pump function developed with age, leading to the occurrence of ventricular failure at 29 mo. Morphometrically, the length densities of resistance vessels from 6 to 20 microns in luminal diameter markedly decreased at 12 mo, and this change persisted at 20 and 29 mo. This phenomenon affected the inner, middle, and outer layers of the left ventricular wall. In contrast, capillary luminal volume percentage, capillary numerical density, and average diffusion distance for oxygen in the left and right myocardium were altered only at 20 mo, whereas values comparable to those at 4 mo were found at 12 and 29 mo. The preservation of these capillary characteristics in the heart was due to a significant amount of capillary proliferation. In conclusion, aging effects lead to rarefaction of coronary arterioles in the myocardium, which may impair coronary resistance and reserve without altering the capillary microvasculature and the oxygenation potential of the old and senescent heart.