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Emergency admissions of opioid drug abusers for overdose: a chronobiological study of enhanced risk
R Manfredini1, M Gallerani, G Calo
1Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
Study Objective:
To determine whether there is a specific temporal risk for opioid drug overdose.
Design:
To study patients presenting to the ED in a comatose state from accidental drug opioid overdose.
Participants:
Two hundred seventy-four patients were admitted to the ED of the Hospital of Ferrara, Italy, from 1988 to 1990, 225 men (82.1%; mean age, 25 +/- 3.4 years) and 49 women (17.9%; mean age, 23.5 +/- 2.8 years).
Interventions:
Month, day, and hour and minute of admissions were recorded, and time-qualified frequency data were analyzed by the single cosinor method.
Results:
Cosinor analysis demonstrated a significant circadian rhythm for both the total number of observations and the separate male and female subgroups with an early evening peak ("acrophase") at about 7:00 PM. No significant circannual rhythm was evident, but for the total group a significant 6-month rhythm was demonstrable with peaks in late November and late May.
Conclusion:
There is a distinct "chronorisk" of opioid drug overdose in the early evening hours.