Evaluation of the surface roughness of cystine stones using a visible laser diode scattering approach

To understand the processes of fragmentation and the chemical reactivity of solids, proper characterization of surface topography is crucial. This paper describes a non-destructive technique of quantifying the surface roughness of cystine renal stones, using visible laser diode scattering and fractal geometry. Fragments of cystine stones were mounted on microscope slides and coated by a carbon-sputtering apparatus. The slides were placed under a dynamic active-vision system, using a visible laser diode to measure three-dimensional surface coordinates. The data obtained were analyzed by fractal geometry. Surface fractal dimensions were determined by the variation method. The results showed that the surface of a compact-size sample can be evaluated quantitatively. The technique is valuable for the accurate presentation of surfaces in three dimensions.