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Coronavirus immunogens

L J Saif1

  • 1Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.

Veterinary Microbiology
|November 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coronaviruses (CV) cause respiratory and intestinal diseases in animals. While spike (S) proteins are vaccine targets, other proteins like hemagglutinin (HE) and membrane (M) may also play roles in immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Coronaviruses (CV) are significant pathogens in livestock, poultry, and companion animals, causing localized respiratory and intestinal infections, and systemic diseases in some cases.
  • Enteropathogenic CV lead to malabsorptive diarrhea via villous atrophy, while others cause respiratory illness.
  • Immunity against CV infections is primarily mediated at the replication site, with maternal vaccination strategies aiming to induce passive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural proteins of coronaviruses and their potential roles in vaccine development.
  • To explore the immunogenicity of spike (S), hemagglutinin (HE), and membrane (M) glycoproteins in inducing protective immunity.
  • To assess the correlation between in vitro antibody activity and in vivo protection against CV challenge.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of coronavirus structure, including prominent surface spikes (S) and hemagglutinin (HE) projections.
  • Quantification of structural proteins (S, M, N, HE) using pooled monoclonal antibodies in ELISA.
  • Evaluation of virus neutralizing (VN) antibody activity and passive transfer studies of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).

Main Results:

  • The spike (S) protein is a primary focus for CV vaccines due to its induction of virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies.
  • The hemagglutinin (HE) protein also elicits VN and HE inhibiting antibodies, while the membrane (M) protein induces complement-dependent neutralizing antibodies.
  • Passive transfer of VN mAbs to S or HE proteins provided protection in some, but not all, studies, suggesting complex immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • While the S protein is a key target, HE and M proteins may also contribute to protective immunity against coronaviruses.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the roles of different CV proteins in inducing effective immunity.
  • Understanding these protein functions can guide the development of improved coronavirus vaccines for animal health.