Laparoscopic procedures for small bowel disease

Small bowel procedures such as placement of feeding jejunostomy, diagnosis of small bowel ischaemia and obstruction, bowel resection and lysis of adhesions can all be performed laparoscopically. Diagnostic laparoscopy can be performed with low complication rates, and can help avoid unnecessary laparotomy. The open method of trocar placement is preferred in patients with adhesions or distended bowel due to obstruction or ileus. Feeding jejunostomy can be placed by laparoscopically assisted methods, pulling the jejunum out or completely laparoscopically. The latter requires fixation of the jejunum to the abdominal wall by transabdominal sutures or T-fasteners. The T-fastener technique for feeding jejunostomy is simple to perform, safe and effective. Small bowel ischaemia can be difficult to diagnose laparoscopically. Fluorescein and ultrasound Doppler examination of the small bowel may be as useful as in laparotomy, but there is little clinical experience with these techniques. Laparoscopically assisted small bowel resection involves intraperitoneal division of the mesenteric vessels and exteriorization of the small bowel through a small abdominal incision, followed by resection and anastomosis. The causes of small bowel obstruction can be diagnosed laparoscopically, and adhesions can be lysed under laparoscopic guidance. The laparoscopic approach is replacing laparotomy for many small bowel procedures. Improvements in instruments and experience in laparoscopic procedures will continue to make these procedures easier and safer to perform.